1.Abundance and Cost: Sodium is much more abundant and cheaper than lithium. This makes sodium-ion batteries potentially more cost-effective, particularly for large-scale energy storage applications.

2.Resource Availability: Sodium can be sourced from common salt (sodium chloride), which is widely available. This contrasts with lithium, which is concentrated in a few geographical areas, making its supply chain more vulnerable to geopolitical issues.

3.Environmental Impact: The extraction and processing of sodium are generally less harmful to the environment compared to lithium. This can result in a lower overall environmental footprint for sodium-ion batteries.

4.Safety: Sodium-ion batteries tend to be safer and more stable than lithium-ion batteries. They are less prone to overheating and do not form dendrites, which can cause short circuits and fires in lithium-ion batteries.

5.Performance at Low Temperatures: Sodium-ion batteries can perform better at low temperatures compared to lithium-ion batteries, making them suitable for use in colder climates.

6.Recycling: The materials used in sodium-ion batteries are easier and more cost-effective to recycle compared to those used in lithium-ion batteries.

7.Energy Storage Applications: Due to their potential lower cost and safer operation, sodium-ion batteries are particularly attractive for large-scale energy storage applications, such as grid storage, where energy density is less critical than in portable electronics or electric vehicles.

However, it is important to note that sodium-ion batteries currently have lower energy density and shorter cycle life compared to lithium-ion batteries. Ongoing research and development aim to address these challenges to make sodium-ion batteries more competitive for a wider range of applications.